This bubble chart visualizes the relationship between horsepower and torque for 31 car makes, with each circle’s radius encoding horsepower and its color representing the manufacturer. The D3 v7 code uses `d3.scaleLinear` for the x- and y-axes, `d3.scaleSqrt` for bubble size, and `d3.scaleOrdinal` with `d3.schemeCategory10` for color encoding. Axes and legends are rendered via custom SVG components in separate ES6 modules, while data loads asynchronously from a CSV file using `d3.csv`.