This bubble chart visualizes the relationship between average horsepower and average torque for various car makes, with each bubble’s position determined by these two variables and its size scaled by horsepower using a square-root scale. The SVG rendering uses D3 v7’s scaleLinear, scaleSqrt, and scaleOrdinal APIs to map data values to coordinates and categorical colors. Hovering highlights a bubble by adding a black stroke and increasing opacity. Axes are labeled and generated with d3.axisBottom and d3.axisLeft, driven by data loaded from a CSV file.